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Organic Chemistry ::  Optical Isomerism

Side Note :: Isomers are two molecules that have the same atomic composition but are not identical. Enantiomers : are mirror images that cannot be superimposed on one another. These molecules are also referred to as chiral molecules. The only way in which chiral molecules differ is the direction that they rotate plane polarized light. In plane polarized light, all the waves are moving parallel to each other. Two enantiomers will rotate the direction the light waves are moving by the same magnitude, but in opposite directions.

A sample containing only one enantiomer is enantiopure, while a sample containing both is called a " racemic mixture".

Picture
Thalidomide
C13H10N2O4 is a well-known example of a racemic mixture, the drug was developed in the first half of the twentieth century as a sedative, and was also very effective for treating the morning sickness and nausea that many women experience during pregnancy.


chiral molecules differ is the direction that they rotate plane polarized light. Thalidomide was very popular in Europe in the 1950's, but its popularity coincided with an increasing number of children experiencing debilitating birth defects. IUPAC name : 2-[(3S)-2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl]isoindole-1,3-dione.

The most common side effect of thalidomide is phocomelia (
a condition where limbs are either missing entirely or are very short, leaving the hands or feet to develop close to the trunk of the body).   Learn about Dr. Frances Kelsey and how she was able to prevent a massive national public health tragedy here..

Picture

keentween

  • Ask
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      • :: Classes & OOPs
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      • :: Intro To Arrays Java
      • :: Arrays Continued
    • :: CS-A or CS-P?
    • :: Control Structures
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    • :: ArrayLists
    • :: Java Naming Conventions
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    • :: Getters and Setters
    • :: Binary & Hexadecimal
  • Summer 2020 Tutoring
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    • Pre-Algebra Sessions >
      • :: Basic Division
      • :: Complex Division
      • :: Estimation Division
      • :: Division Practice Problems
    • Algebra II >
      • :: Cubic Equations
      • :: Complex Numbers
    • Chemistry >
      • Molarity Basics
    • C++ Sessions >
      • :: Introduction
      • :: Style v Syntax
      • :: Variables & Data Types
      • :: Intialize/Declare Variables
      • :: Types of Operators
      • :: Strings and Input - Output
      • :: How to Construct Arrays
  • AP Bio
    • :: Sketch Notes >
      • :: Part 1
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    • :: epigenetics
    • :: Chi-Squared Tests
    • :: Cancer
    • :: Hox Genes
    • :: Hardy-Weinberg Principle
    • :: Rule of Multiplication + Addition for Punnett Squares
    • :: CRISPR
    • :: Amino Acid
    • :: Peptide
    • :: Why study Peptides
    • :: Aquaporins
    • :: Gram Stains
    • :: Graph on Excel for Bio Lab
  • AP Chem
    • Organic Chemistry
    • I. Properties of Matter >
      • Neutralization
    • II. Periodic table >
      • Org of Periodic Table
      • :: Groups
    • III. Chemical bonding >
      • :: Mass to Mass conversion
      • :: Naming Acids
      • :: Cross Drop Charge
      • :: Predicting Products
      • :: Balance Equation Question
      • :: Learn to Balance Equation
      • :: VSEPR Simulation
    • IV. Molar Mass >
      • ::LR ER and excess reatant
      • :: Molecular/Formula Mass
      • :: Empirical Formula & Molar Mass
      • :: Percentages & Empirical Formula
      • :: Empirical formula
    • IV. Solutions and Solubility >
      • :: Types of Solutions with Solubility Curves
      • :: Solubility Curve
    • V. Easy Tricks and Tips >
      • :: Tip to Molecular Shapes
      • Memorizing Bond Angles and Polarity
      • :: Chemistry Formulas
      • :: Trick Polyatomic ions
    • VI. General AP Concepts >
      • :: Potential Energy Diagrams
      • :: Haber-Bosch
      • :: Le Chatelier
      • :: Pressure & Moles
      • ::Rydberg's Constant vs Unit of Energy
      • :: Equilibrium and RICE Tables
      • :: Kinetics
      • Galvanic Cells
    • :: Flash cards
    • :: VSEPR
  • AP Stats
    • Chi-Squared Tests
    • Solving Chi-Sqd Test Using Sheets
    • Applications of Statistics
    • Standardized Scores
    • Distributions Transformations
  • AP Calc
    • DI Method - Tabular Integration
    • Polar Curves: Tangent Line and Slope
    • Riemann Sums: Left and Right Approximations
    • :: Conic Sections Flash cards
    • :: Parent Functions Flash cards
    • Worked Out Problems >
      • :: Worked Out Problems I
      • :: Worked Out Problems II
      • :: Worked Out Problems III
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      • :: Worked Out Problems VIII
      • :: Worked Out Problems IX
      • :: Worked Out Problems X
      • :: Worked Out Problems XI
      • :: Worked Out Problems XII
      • :: Worked Out Problems XIII
    • Applying Trig Identities
    • L'Hopital's Rule
    • Differences Between Conic Sections
    • Graphing Conic Sections
    • :: Pre-Calc - Trig Identities
    • Tangent & Normal Lines
    • Indefinite integrals: U Sub
    • Calculus Derivatives >
      • Product Rule
      • Quotient Rule
      • Chain Rule
  • Arduino
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    • :: Backward induction
    • :: what is ISS
    • :: Rotational Matrices
    • :: Primary v Secondary Pollutants
    • :: Black Hole
    • :: Covid-19 Hackathon
    • :: Evolution of Immunizations
    • :: Predictions of Diseases
    • :: Book List
    • :: Patterncount
    • :: Binary Classification
    • :: Cybersecurity
    • :: What is CIA Triad
    • :: What is Networking
    • :: Self Similarity
    • :: Trig Identities
    • :: UIL Number S
    • :: Box Offensive Play
    • :: Why Card Trick Works
    • :: Easy Multiplication
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