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Biology :: Probability - Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Evolution is a change in allele frequency in a population over a period of time.

A population is a group of individuals of the same species in a given area whose members can interbreed and hence share a common group of genes known as a gene pool.

Each gene pool comprises all alleles for all characteristics of all individuals.

The allele frequency is the number of alleles of a given type as a proportion of the total number of alleles for that trait.

In 1908, Hardy and Weinberg constructed a model of a population that was not evolving, and laid out the conditions in which such a population would exist: a large population size with no migration, no mutation, no natural selection, and random mating.

If we track allele frequencies in a population over a succession of generations and find that the frequencies of alleles deviate from the values expected from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, then the population is evolving.

Determine the allele frequency:

Hardy Weinberg Equation (p + q = 1) concerns estimating the frequency of alleles in a population. Each gene usually has two alleles (diploid organism), one from each parent.

These alleles are denoted as the dominant (A) and recessive (a) forms. These are represented as ‘p‘ and ‘q‘ in the equation. In a population, the combined frequency of both the alleles must equal 1 (100%). So, if the frequency of one allele is known, it is possible to calculate the frequency of the other allele simply by rearranging the equation.




Picture

keentween

  • Ask
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    • Java July Series >
      • :: Classes & OOPs
      • :: Interface
      • :: Inheritance
      • :: Intro To Arrays Java
      • :: Arrays Continued
    • :: CS-A or CS-P?
    • :: Control Structures
    • :: Recursion
    • :: While Do While Loops in Java
    • :: Interface in Java
    • :: ArrayLists
    • :: Java Naming Conventions
    • :: Logic Circuits
    • :: Getters and Setters
    • :: Binary & Hexadecimal
  • Summer 2020 Tutoring
    • :: REPRESENT IT!
    • Pre-Algebra Sessions >
      • :: Basic Division
      • :: Complex Division
      • :: Estimation Division
      • :: Division Practice Problems
    • Algebra II >
      • :: Cubic Equations
      • :: Complex Numbers
    • Chemistry >
      • Molarity Basics
    • C++ Sessions >
      • :: Introduction
      • :: Style v Syntax
      • :: Variables & Data Types
      • :: Intialize/Declare Variables
      • :: Types of Operators
      • :: Strings and Input - Output
      • :: How to Construct Arrays
  • AP Bio
    • :: Sketch Notes >
      • :: Part 1
      • :: Part 2
    • :: epigenetics
    • :: Chi-Squared Tests
    • :: Cancer
    • :: Hox Genes
    • :: Hardy-Weinberg Principle
    • :: Rule of Multiplication + Addition for Punnett Squares
    • :: CRISPR
    • :: Amino Acid
    • :: Peptide
    • :: Why study Peptides
    • :: Aquaporins
    • :: Gram Stains
    • :: Graph on Excel for Bio Lab
  • AP Chem
    • Organic Chemistry
    • I. Properties of Matter >
      • Neutralization
    • II. Periodic table >
      • Org of Periodic Table
      • :: Groups
    • III. Chemical bonding >
      • :: Mass to Mass conversion
      • :: Naming Acids
      • :: Cross Drop Charge
      • :: Predicting Products
      • :: Balance Equation Question
      • :: Learn to Balance Equation
      • :: VSEPR Simulation
    • IV. Molar Mass >
      • ::LR ER and excess reatant
      • :: Molecular/Formula Mass
      • :: Empirical Formula & Molar Mass
      • :: Percentages & Empirical Formula
      • :: Empirical formula
    • IV. Solutions and Solubility >
      • :: Types of Solutions with Solubility Curves
      • :: Solubility Curve
    • V. Easy Tricks and Tips >
      • :: Tip to Molecular Shapes
      • Memorizing Bond Angles and Polarity
      • :: Chemistry Formulas
      • :: Trick Polyatomic ions
    • VI. General AP Concepts >
      • :: Potential Energy Diagrams
      • :: Haber-Bosch
      • :: Le Chatelier
      • :: Pressure & Moles
      • ::Rydberg's Constant vs Unit of Energy
      • :: Equilibrium and RICE Tables
      • :: Kinetics
      • Galvanic Cells
    • :: Flash cards
    • :: VSEPR
  • AP Stats
    • Chi-Squared Tests
    • Solving Chi-Sqd Test Using Sheets
    • Applications of Statistics
    • Standardized Scores
    • Distributions Transformations
  • AP Calc
    • DI Method - Tabular Integration
    • Polar Curves: Tangent Line and Slope
    • Riemann Sums: Left and Right Approximations
    • :: Conic Sections Flash cards
    • :: Parent Functions Flash cards
    • Worked Out Problems >
      • :: Worked Out Problems I
      • :: Worked Out Problems II
      • :: Worked Out Problems III
      • :: Worked Out Problems IV
      • :: Worked Out Problems V
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      • :: Worked Out Problems VII
      • :: Worked Out Problems VIII
      • :: Worked Out Problems IX
      • :: Worked Out Problems X
      • :: Worked Out Problems XI
      • :: Worked Out Problems XII
      • :: Worked Out Problems XIII
    • Applying Trig Identities
    • L'Hopital's Rule
    • Differences Between Conic Sections
    • Graphing Conic Sections
    • :: Pre-Calc - Trig Identities
    • Tangent & Normal Lines
    • Indefinite integrals: U Sub
    • Calculus Derivatives >
      • Product Rule
      • Quotient Rule
      • Chain Rule
  • Arduino
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    • Project #2: Button LED
    • Project #3: Flowing LED
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  • Musings
    • :: Bayesian Example
    • :: Nash equilibria
    • :: Bayesian Nash Equilibrium
    • :: Backward induction
    • :: what is ISS
    • :: Rotational Matrices
    • :: Primary v Secondary Pollutants
    • :: Black Hole
    • :: Covid-19 Hackathon
    • :: Evolution of Immunizations
    • :: Predictions of Diseases
    • :: Book List
    • :: Patterncount
    • :: Binary Classification
    • :: Cybersecurity
    • :: What is CIA Triad
    • :: What is Networking
    • :: Self Similarity
    • :: Trig Identities
    • :: UIL Number S
    • :: Box Offensive Play
    • :: Why Card Trick Works
    • :: Easy Multiplication
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  • About